StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

The relationship between prenatal stress and smoking,and ADHD in children - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
These reports are on researches into the relationship between prenatal stress and smoking, and ADHD in children. The reports are critical descriptions of approaches by different researchers into this relationship…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER94.3% of users find it useful
The relationship between prenatal stress and smoking,and ADHD in children
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "The relationship between prenatal stress and smoking,and ADHD in children"

IF SMOKING AND STRESS DURING PREGNANCY CAUSE ADHD IN YOUNG CHILDREN, THEN PROSPECTIVE FATHERS MUST BE DOUBLY WATCHFUL INTRODUCTION The above title is a statement of caution derived from conclusions and deductions of a critique of reports. These reports are on researches into the relationship between prenatal stress and smoking, and ADHD in children. The reports are critical descriptions of approaches by different researchers into this relationship. In the critique of these reports, which follows shortly, the necessity of the statement will be established as a proven necessity. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCHERS Some of the researchers whose reports will be critiqued in this writing are Physician- Assistants Certified (PA-Cs) of the Directorate of Health and Social Care (DHSc) of the East Virginia Medical School. Some are PA-Cs of the Medical College of Ohio, while others have backgrounds in Psychological analysis, as researchers of the Department of Psychology of the Uppsala University, Sweden (Thomas G Parish 2004 p1). Since the PA-Cs have certifications testifying to their competence as Physician Assistants, and the Psychologically-oriented researchers have a background in Psychological analysis, their research results can tolerably be taken as fact rather than fiction, as premises on which conclusions and assertions can safely be based. AIM OF RESEARCH Both researches aim at establishing that maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy are related to ADHD in young children. TITLE OF RERSEARCH One of the researches is titled "Are Maternal Smoking and Stress during pregnancy related to ADHD symptoms in children" (Rodriguez and Bohlin 2005 p246), while the other is titled "Smoking contributes to the development of childhood ADHD" (Parish 2005 p1). ABSTRACT OF RESEARCH The researches reported, taken as a set, were minute and meticulous in their approaches. Though they had methodological inadequacies and generalisations (which raised doubts and uncertainties), the virtue of their observations from various perspectives, their repetitions of experiments, and their re-experimentations with different samples and proper timing -- these all made for the short-comings towards the establishment of the investigated relationship between prenatal smoking and stress, and ADHD in young children (Rodriguez and Bohlin 2005 p246-254; Parish 2005 p1-7). INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH ARTICLE The research reports, which this writing critiques, offer step-by-step presentations of the methodologies of various attempts at establishing a correlation between ADHD symptoms and prenatal smoking and stress. These presentations are more than step-by-step recounts; they are kinds of critiques in themselves. They highlight the plusses and minuses of the various researches, the limitations of their statistics and the imperfect speculations of their findings. Moreover (and further to the credit of this report), the observed limitations of the researches were always acknowledged, allowances were always given for variables whose effects were not altogether and undoubtedly established with statistics, and assertions, whose sources the researchers faithfully acknowledged), did not influence suggestions of necessities to investigate further. Therefore, this half-critique research report rejected half truths and did not readily embrace probabilities. Besides the presentation of research methodologies, there is in the research reports a critical exploring of the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and an increased incidence of childhood behaviour disorders, particularly ADHD. With their presentation and the exploring, both reports complement each other; what one omits, the other includes. METHODOLOGY The methodology of the first set of research was the collection and update of the data of a set of nulliparous Scandinavians on their first visit to a health clinic. Smoking and stress data were collected from them on the 12th, 20th, 28th, 32nd and 36th gestational weeks. Children were followed up at the age of seven (Rodriguez and Bohlin 2005 p2) For the second set of researches, however, the methodology was based on observation, deduction and critical evaluation. The attentiveness and socialisation of children whose mothers smoked prenatally were observed and compared with those of mothers who did not smoke prenatally; the behavioural tendencies of the children were noted, for boys and for girls, and deductions made; the physiological effects, specifically effects on the brain, of prenatal smoking were observed and conclusions reached, etc (Parish 2005 pp2-3) RESULTS For one research report, the results showed that stress and smoking during pregnancy were independently related to ADHD symptoms in children. Results of multiple regression analysis showed prenatal exposure to smoking (B = .16. p< .01) and stress (B=.18, p Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“The relationship between prenatal stress and smoking,and ADHD in Essay”, n.d.)
The relationship between prenatal stress and smoking,and ADHD in Essay. Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/health-sciences-medicine/1533118-adhd-in-children
(The Relationship Between Prenatal Stress and smoking,and ADHD in Essay)
The Relationship Between Prenatal Stress and smoking,and ADHD in Essay. https://studentshare.org/health-sciences-medicine/1533118-adhd-in-children.
“The Relationship Between Prenatal Stress and smoking,and ADHD in Essay”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/health-sciences-medicine/1533118-adhd-in-children.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF The relationship between prenatal stress and smoking,and ADHD in children

Biochemical conditions and brain activity linked to crime

Biochemical Conditions and Crime In the evaluation of the relationship between biochemical conditions and crime, it would be critical to appreciate the postulate by Siegel (2013) that biochemical conditions, both acquired and genetic influence and control antisocial behavior.... Harmful chemicals could come into play through maternal smoking and alcohol abuse during gestation, with Siegel (2013) noting that this causes prenatal damage and subsequently leads to antisocial behavior in adolescence....
4 Pages (1000 words) Essay

Attachment Effects of Maternal Depression and the Relationships with Their Child

Bowlby believed he could help children by helping their parents.... hellip; John Bowlby developed a theory about a child's relationship with its mother that was the paradigmatic shift in how familial relationships were viewed.... Ainsworth's systematic separation of infant and mother evaluated their attachment relationship....
8 Pages (2000 words) Essay

Role of Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Class in Childhood

Also, the national epidemiological survey in UK showed a lower prevalence of adhd in black children than in white children (0.... There is the postulation that cases of adhd in black children could possibly have been under-diagnosed in these societies simply because black families possibly lack access to health facilities due to poorer economic status.... This argument may not be valid considering that even higher access to facilities by black families have not resulted in increased diagnosis of cases of adhd in them....
3 Pages (750 words) Essay

Reaction on Stress to People

Preadolescent girls experienced the highest levels of independent stress and conflict in the family unit.... In addition, stress experienced will be… In “Age and Gender as Determinants of Stress Exposure,” it was discovered that there are some significant differences between the way girls and Researchers Takeuchi, Williams and Adair investigate “Economic Stress in the Family and children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems” (1991) to determine whether children's behavior is adversely affected by the economic stress levels of the household and whether this effect is increased with persistent as opposed to one-time dependence on social services....
17 Pages (4250 words) Essay

Personal, Social, and Emotional Development of Children in Early Years

It is based on contemplating the nature of the role played by PSED in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in an attempt to evaluate what literature has to say on the subject.... It not only plays a fundamental role in supporting the development process in children but is also recognized as a key element ensuring success in life as a child grows.... PSED cannot support children's wellbeing in isolation as it essentially relies abundantly on an appropriate role played by influential adults in children's lives who may be facing different problems....
11 Pages (2750 words) Essay

Causes and Symptoms of Stress

nbsp; Strengths of this method were listed including how the “application of the contextual threat methodology allowed for more sophisticated assessment, coding and analysis of life stress and for a clearer determination of event dependence” (Rudolph & Hammen, 1999) How people react to stress will depend a great deal on their own personal experiences and living conditions.... Researchers Takeuchi, Williams and Adair investigate “Economic Stress in the Family and children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems” to determine whether children's behavior is adversely affected by the economic stress levels of the household and whether this effect is increased with persistent as opposed to one-time dependence on social services....
16 Pages (4000 words) Research Paper

What is Stress and What Are Its Mechanics

"What Is stress and What Are Its Mechanics" paper focuses on the stress that is an occurrence related to both internal and external factors that affect an individual's wellbeing.... Although people experience different and unique aspects of stress and identify with them differently, stress generally manifests itself through signs like feelings, behaviors, thoughts, and physical symptoms.... Similarly, parents of a single child can experience higher levels of parental stress as compared to, ironically, parents with several children (Lazarus, 1966)....
16 Pages (4000 words) Coursework

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Children

n the past years, smoking and alcohol drinking among pregnant women has been on the rise in America; as such, playing a role in a high prevalence of adhd in the country.... The paper "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among children " discusses that in the US more than 60,000 children are reported as neglected and abused weekly, and each year about 500,000 children end up living in foster care; however, in recent times more than 0....
5 Pages (1250 words) Assignment
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us